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Antarctic History. Introduction. It has been only 1. Antarctica (1. 89.

Antarctic Peninsula (1. Yet even before they laid eyes on it, most early explorers were convinced a large, southern continent existed. They called it Terra Australis Incognita- -the Unknown Southern Land. The idea went back to the ancient Greeks, who had a fondness for symmetry and balance. There must be a great continent to the south, they postulated, to balance the great land masses in the northern hemisphere. Two thousand years later, the great age of exploration brought Europeans far enough south to test the hypothesis.

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In 1. 52. 0, after he had sailed through the Strait that now bears his name, Magellan speculated that the land to his south, Tierra del Fuego, might mark the northern edge of a great continent. Fifty- eight years later, in 1.

Sir Francis Drake sailed his Golden Hind through Magellan's Strait. He encountered severe weather on the Pacific side and was blown to the south of Tierra del Fuego, then east around Cape Horn. It became obvious that Magellan's "continent" was merely a series of islands at the tip of South America.

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If there was indeed a southern continent, it had to be further south. It seems ironic that the severe weather that makes the southern ocean so dangerous, particularly in the south Atlantic, was a key factor in the discovery of Antarctica.

Time and time again, sailors blown off course by a storm discovered new land. Often, this new land was further south than any previously known.

While attempting to navigate around Cape Horn in 1. Spaniards Bartoleme and Gonzalo Garcia de Nodal were blown off course, only to discover the tiny islands they named Islas Diego Ramirez. This would be the most southerly recorded land for another 1. In 1. 62. 2, the Dutch pilot Dirck Gerritsz reported being driven south to 6. S, where he supposedly discovered a land with snow- covered mountains, a land similar in appearance to Norway.

The accuracy of his latitude calculation is suspect, but it is possible that he sighted the South Shetland Islands. In 1. 67. 5, the British merchant Anthony de la Roch was blown far to the east and south of the Straits of Magellan, to a latitude of 5. S, where he found shelter in an unnamed bay. During his stay at what was almost certainly South Georgia Island, he also sighted what he thought to be the southern continent to the south and east. In fact, what he saw was most probably the Clerke Rocks, which lie 4. South Georgia. Their location corresponds to where the shore of Terra Australis Incognita was placed on the Dutch East India Company map of the time, which de la Roche had studied.^Early Exploration.

For the first 2. 00 years or so of European exploration, most voyages were concerned either with commerce or with the investigation of the newly discovered American continents. The first systematic search for a southern continent didn't come until nearly the beginning of the eighteenth century.

In September of 1. Edmond Halley left England aboard the Pink Paramour to establish the true longitude of ports in South America and Africa, measure magnetic variations, and search for the mysterious Terra Australis Incognita. By January, he had crossed the Antarctic Convergence and on February 1, 1.

S, Halley made the first recorded sighting of tabular icebergs, which he sketched into the ship's logbook. However, the cold, stormy weather, and the danger of collision with an iceberg in the fog drove him north again. During the 1. 70. French became active in exploring for new land to the south, and a possible southern continent was on their minds.

Jean- Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier was searching for the fabled "Gonneville's Land" when he sighted land on January 1, 1. S latitude. He called it "Cape Circumcision," but it was actually an island (now called Bouvetmya, or Bouvet Island). It is the most isolated island on Earth. Because his estimate of longitude was so far off, the island was not sighted again until 1.

Yves- Joseph de Kergulen- Trmarec set sail with two ships in 1. On February 1. 2, 1.

Indian Ocean, he sighted a fog- shrouded land at 4. S but could not make a landing because of high seas and foul weather. A boat from his sister ship did manage a brief landfall to claim the island (Kergulen Island) for France. His firm belief in the existence of a fabled, hospitable, southern continent blinded him to the desolate reality of his find, though. He sailed back to France with wild tales of a populated, temperate paradise he called "New South France." His stories convinced the French government to invest in another expensive expedition. In 1. 77. 3, Kergulen returned to his island with three ships but still did not personally set foot on the island that bears his name. Even worse, he was forced to accept the truth about his find and returned to France in disgrace.

In 1. 76. 7, Alexander Dalrymple published An Account of the Discoveries made in the South Pacific Ocean Previous to 1. In it, he made a strong case for a giant, unknown southern continent. According to Dalrymple, this continent's northern shore lay in the Pacific Ocean, somewhere between 2. S and 4. 0°S latitude.

The English government listened. In 1. 76. 8, Captain James Cook was sent to the South Pacific, first to observe the upcoming transit of Venus, and second, to proceed south in a search for this continent. He returned to England three years later with a wealth of new geographical, biological, and anthropological information- -but no sign of a southern continent. Again, the shores had been pushed south from their presumed position. In July, 1. 77. 2, Cook sailed from England again, and this time, according to both the British Admiralty and his own inclination, the search for the southern continent was his primary mission. He also intended to confirm the existence of Bouvet's "Cape Circumcision" and Kergulen's recently discovered "New South France."In early December, 1. Cook crossed the convergence and came upon his first iceberg.

After searching in vain for Bouvet's cape, Cook bore east and south. On January 1. 7, 1. E longitude, he made the first crossing of the Antarctic Circle in history.

At 6. 7°1. 5'S, the ice pack forced them north again, a mere 8. Antarctic coastline. In February, the Resolution and Adventure passed south of the position reported by Kergulen, making it clear to Cook that whatever the Frenchman had found was not part of any southern continent.

After spending the austral winter exploring the Pacific's more temperate and tropical latitudes (and further disproving Dalrymple's theory of a southern land between 2. S and 4. 0°S), Cook headed south again in late November 1. He crossed the Antarctic Circle for the second time in December, reaching 6. S. Once again, however, the pack ice forced him north. On January 2. 6, 1.

Resolution crossed the Antarctic Circle for a third time, reaching 7. S at 1. 06°5. 4'W in the Amundsen Sea. This was further south than anyone had ever gone before.

Cook spent a second austral winter in the tropics before continuing his eastward circumnavigation of Antarctica. On January 1. 4, 1. Straits of Magellan, he sighted new land. By January 1. 6, he had named Willis' and Bird Islands and, 1.

Roche, had re- discovered and named South Georgia Island. After exploring its northern shore for a few days, Cook headed south to investigate the other land that de la Roche had seen (and that Alexander Dalrymple had thought to be part of a continent), the Clerke Rocks.

Finally, on January 2. Resolution came upon the southern end of what are now known as the South Sandwich Islands. At close to 6. 0x. S latitude, they were at that time the southernmost land ever sighted. Near the end of February, 1.

Cook crossed his track of 1. Antarctica and proving once and for all that the southern continent, if one existed, was neither as large nor as habitable as once thought. Smallville Episode Guide Season 2 there. He did believe there was a southern land mass, but that it was of little use to anyone.^The Seal Hunters Arrive.